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Happy birthday Italy: Democratic Stability

Buon Compleanno Italia: Stabilità Democratica

In 2026, We the Italians celebrates “Two Anniversaries, One Heart” – the 250th anniversary of the United States and the 80th anniversary of the Italian Republic. This article is part of the “Happy Birthday Italy” project, in which we explain why Italy is grateful to the United States for these past 80 years across 18 different sectors of our country’s life.

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Over the past eighty years, one of the deepest reasons Italy can look to the United States with gratitude concerns the democratic stability achieved and consolidated in the postwar period. When World War II ended in 1945, Italy emerged materially and morally devastated: cities in ruins, infrastructure destroyed, an economy in collapse, and institutions compromised by twenty years of Fascist dictatorship. The birth of the Republic in 1946 and the entry into force of the Constitution in 1948 marked a historic turning point, yet Italian democracy remained fragile, exposed to internal tensions and to the intense international pressures of a world divided into opposing blocs.

It must also be remembered that Italy’s debt of gratitude to the United States predates the Republic itself. Between 1943 and 1945, American military intervention was essential in the Italian campaign that helped liberate the country from Fascism and Nazi occupation. Without the decisive contribution of Allied forces, led in large part by the United States – alongside the Italian Resistance and other Allies – the path to freedom and democracy would have been longer and more painful. The restoration of sovereignty and fundamental liberties was the very foundation upon which the Republic could later be built.

In the immediate postwar years, American support played a decisive role in anchoring Italy to the community of Western liberal democracies. This support was not limited to economic assistance – though that was crucial – but included a set of political, strategic, and cultural choices that helped consolidate the new republican institutions. Washington understood Italy’s geopolitical importance in the Mediterranean and Southern Europe: a frontline nation with a strong Communist party and a strategic position at the heart of the continent. Ensuring Italy’s democratic stability meant strengthening the broader European balance.

The first pillar of this support was political and institutional. The United States encouraged Italy’s integration into major Western international organizations, helping legitimize the young Republic on the global stage. Italy’s accession to NATO in 1949 was a pivotal moment: not only a military alliance, but a clear statement of alignment within the Atlantic democratic system. This international anchoring reinforced internal stability, providing a framework of security that reduced the risk of authoritarian or revolutionary drift.

A second key element was the economic support associated with the Marshall Plan. The material reconstruction of the country – infrastructure, industry, agriculture – directly contributed to political stability. A democracy plagued by hunger, unemployment, and extreme poverty would have struggled to survive. American aid helped revive production, contain inflation, and sustain employment. The economic growth of the 1950s and 1960s, often referred to as the “Italian economic miracle,” developed in part thanks to that initial boost. Widespread prosperity created a broad middle class, strengthening public support for the democratic system.

Within this broader framework, the role of the Italian American community should also be acknowledged. In 1948, during Italy’s crucial general election, many Italian Americans wrote to their families in Italy, encouraging them to support the country’s place within the free and democratic West rather than fall under the influence of the Soviet Union. At the same time, members of the diaspora advocated with their representatives in Congress to ensure that Italy was firmly included in the Marshall Plan. This dual commitment – to their ancestral homeland and to their adopted country – helped strengthen the transatlantic bond and provided tangible support for Italy’s democratic choice.

The cultural and symbolic impact of the American model should not be underestimated. In a country emerging from authoritarian rule, the example of a great constitutional democracy – with checks and balances, freedom of the press, and political pluralism – served as an important reference point. Through academic exchanges, cultural programs, scholarships, and university cooperation, a generation of Italian intellectuals, civil servants, and leaders engaged directly with American institutions and political culture. This dialogue contributed to the development of a democratic mindset grounded in respect for rules and peaceful political alternation.

During the Cold War, American support also served as a security guarantee against external pressures. Italy occupied a delicate position, with a strong Communist party and significant social tensions. Membership in the Western alliance system and the American presence on Italian soil provided a protective framework that helped prevent more serious destabilization. This does not mean that the history of the Republic was free of conflict – the Years of Lead stand as a painful example – but the international context contributed to preserving the institutional framework.

In the 1970s and 1980s, as domestic terrorism severely tested the Italian state, cooperation with the United States in the fields of security and intelligence-sharing strengthened Italy’s institutional response. Even in those difficult years, the democratic dimension remained central: the fight against terrorism unfolded within a constitutional system whose guarantees were not suspended. The resilience of the rule of law during such a complex period remains one of the Republic’s most significant achievements, and international collaboration played a supportive role.

After the end of the Cold War, the relationship with the United States continued to influence Italy’s democratic stability, albeit in different ways. European integration – encouraged and supported by Washington – further anchored Italy within a system of shared rules and democratic standards. Participation in international missions, diplomatic coordination, and multilateral cooperation reinforced Italy’s institutional culture within a global framework.

Gratitude does not imply an uncritical view or the denial of disagreements that have arisen over time. Italy and the United States have at times held differing positions on specific international issues. Yet, when considering the broader arc of the past eighty years, it is clear that American support – alongside the commitment of Italian Americans – contributed decisively to creating the conditions under which Italian democracy could take root and endure.

Democratic stability is never guaranteed. It is the result of choices, alliances, investments, and political culture. In the aftermath of war, Italy needed not only to rebuild bridges and factories, but also to restore confidence in its institutions and in its future. American support, preceded by its decisive contribution to the liberation from totalitarianism, provided a stable framework during a time of profound uncertainty. Today, eighty years later, the continuity of republican institutions, political alternation, freedom of expression, and Italy’s firm place within the community of Western democracies stand as consolidated achievements. In this long journey, the American contribution – political, economic, military, cultural, and civic – remains one of the most significant reasons Italy can look upon that relationship with historical gratitude.

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