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Camilla Calamandrei (Author of the documentary "Prisoners in Paradise")

Soldati italiani negli Stati Uniti “Prigionieri in Paradiso” durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale

During World War II more than 51,000 Italian soldiers were brought to the United States as Prisoners of War. The award-winning documentary film “Prisoners in Paradise,” recounts the story of the young soldiers brought to the US as POWs, their romances and friendships with American women, their contribution to the Allied war effort, and — for some — their decision to return to live in the US.

We are happy to speak about this with the Italian American director and producer of this very important documentary, Camilla Calamandrei, Welcome to We the Italians!

To begin with, could you please tell us about yourself and your Italian heritage?

My father, Mauro Calamandrei, was the first American Correspondent for L’Espresso and wrote for the weekly for many decades, later he was the American Cultural Correspondent for Il Sole 24 Ore. He was born to an extremely poor family outside of Florence, fought as a partisan in the resistance during WWII as a teenager, and went on to earn two PhDs. He first studied at the University of Florence, then he was awarded a Fulbright to study at the University of Chicago where he was delighted with the immense access to impressive open stack libraries and the intensity of the intellectual community. He lived in the New York City for the rest of his life, but always identified exclusively as an Italian. That Italian heritage is a big part of my identity as well. I am close with my Italian cousins, my son and I are dual citizens, we travel to Italy frequently and my very non-Italian husband is now studying Italian.

How did the idea for your wonderful documentary come about?

I had visited my aunt, uncle and cousins in Florence a number of times throughout my childhood, but I did not speak Italian so our conversations were limited. Then, once when I was visiting in my early twenties, my uncle (who didn't speak English and who had never been to the US during my lifetime) started to recount a story in Italian, “When I was a prisoner in America during the War…” I had no idea what he was talking about. I had never heard his story of being a POW, and I had no idea that there had been Italian prisoners of war in the US. He said (among other things) they would use a towel wrapped around a bed post to practice the “boogie-woogie to dance with American girls.” It was astounding.

I knew some of my father’s stories of fighting in the Resistance but didn’t know much about the experience of Italians who had been drafted and served in Mussolini’s army. I definitely knew nothing about the 600,000 who were taken as prisoners of war and dispersed around the globe. 51,000 of whom were brought to the US.

I started looking for information in books or films about Italian POWs in America but there was very little documented, just a handful of academic articles and one book by an energetic history buff, Louis Keefer.

Louis graciously shared his contacts with me so I could begin meeting with surviving POWs across the US. I worked on the film for 10 years, conducting preliminary interviews, doing background research with consulting scholars, fundraising, filming on location across the US and in Italy, unearthing archival footage and crafting the story.

Who are the Italians featured in the documentary?

I interviewed 19 surviving Italian POWs while researching the film, and then selected four POWs and two of their wives to film in the US, and three surviving POWs to film in Italy. Four of the men featured in the film served in Italian Service Units (ISU) supporting the US war effort in non-combat roles while they were POWs and two did not. Of the two who did not join an ISU, one regretted his decision later and wished he had supported the Allied war effort.

Italian prisoners were held in 26 different US states. What differences were there between the various locations?

The POWs I interviewed all had very similar descriptions of their experiences in the US. The first story every surviving POW told me about America was their shock at the abundance of food. One Italian officer in the film tells the story of when they were still captives in Africa held by the US military and a US soldier opened a can and pulled out an entire cooked chicken.

Another tells the story of his disbelief that so much food could be provided for enemy POWs, “this cannot be for us.” And yet another tells of POWs in Ogden, Utah hiding bread in the rafters of their barracks because they feared it would run out. The Americans couldn’t figure out how the Italian POWs were eating so much bread but eventually they discovered what was happening.

Each of the POWs I spoke with were amazed by the expansive vistas of open land they saw as they were being transported across the country by train. And their stories continued to be very similar regardless of where they were held in the US. Most documentaries might try to follow the separate details of each man’s story but there was so much overlap that we were able to make a tapestry of moments and experiences that add up to the story of all of them.

We took the beginning of each man’s story but then took the next piece from just one or two people, and the next piece from another. We didn’t need to revisit every step of each man’s story and yet you feel you have lived the unfolding story of each man.

What kind of interaction did the prisoners have with the Italian American community?

After the Italian armistice in September 1943, Italian POWs had the opportunity to join Italian Service Units (ISU) in non-combat roles to support the US war effort, doing laundry, farming, cooking, etc. They had to pledge allegiance to the new Italian government and were held in ISU camps across the US. Ninety percent of the Italians POWs agreed to serve in these ISUs and some of the work they did allowed them increased contact with Americans. In addition, at many of the ISU camps, Italian POWs were allowed Sunday visits from local Italian American families. On occasion, they were even permitted to attend community events outside the camps - always under supervision - or share meals with local families. Romances bloomed between POWs and local Italian American women, and some were quite serious.

In contrast, Italian POWs who refused to cooperate with the US war effort were sent to camps in Texas, where they endured stricter conditions and reduced food rations. I did find one American guard from Texas who became friendly with the POWs, but the non-ISU POWs had no regular contact with Italian American communities.

Is there any particularly interesting story or anecdote you'd like to share with our readers?

I like all the stories, but the story of Mario and Anna is particularly lovely. Mario had been a POW in Ogden, just outside of Salt Lake City, Utah. Anna and her family would come to visit on Sundays in hopes of finding POWs who might know their relatives in Italy. While Anna’s father was skeptical of the romance, he eventually gave his approval after questioning Mario’s intentions in a long conversation out in a freezing garage in winter. After the war, Mario was repatriated but Anna followed him there to get married. Anna would have stayed in Italy but there weren’t enough opportunities for Mario to work, and there were serious food shortages. So, together they returned to the US. They spent the rest of their lives in Ogden, the same town where he had served in an Italian Service Unit. They bought one of the decommissioned POW barracks, and converted it into their first home.

One touching detail that didn’t make it into the film is that Anna had always dreamed of moving to the West Coast as a young woman. But Mario became deeply attached to her family, so they stayed in Ogden and raised three children there. She never had the opportunity to live by the ocean, but she built a full, joyful life surrounded by family and grandchildren. Mario closes the film by saying, “Down deep, you love your country (Italy), but America gave to me everything.”

What happened to the prisoners after the end of the war?

By the end of the war, POWs serving in Italian Service Units had contributed millions of hours to the war effort, but none were offered the opportunity to remain in the US. In January 1946 all the POWs were repatriated, many leaving significant relationships with Italian American women behind — hoping, but not sure, that they would find a way to stay connected.

It was a devastating shock for the returning POWs to find so much of Italy destroyed in the war. And for Italian POWs who had not collaborated with the U.S., the return to Italy also meant coming to terms with the fact that in many cases friends and relatives had chosen to support the Allied war effort, and the non-collaborating position was no longer a popular one either officially or unofficially.

Some of the couples who had met in America did decide to marry. To do that, the American women had to go to Italy and marry there (because of quotas restricting immigration into the U.S.). Most often, due to financial difficulties in Italy, these couples returned to raise families in the US in the areas where the women had lived and where they still had jobs. We don’t know how many ex-POWs chose to come back and live in America but several in the film lived as American citizens in the towns where they were first enemy prisoners of war.

What has this story taught you?

I learned a great deal making the film but there are two things I would highlight.

One thing is obvious but, somehow, I hadn’t thought much about it before making the film. War is life changing, even for those who don’t see extensive battle, because of how it disrupts the course of young lives. It was eye opening for me to understand that teenagers are taken to be trained as soldiers and then kept in wartime service for years, depriving them of essential education, work experiences, and life experiences they would have had during that time. One of the POWs in the film worked as a laborer after the war and for all his life because he never finished school, but his other siblings had degrees and were professionals with very different lives – a stark example of how soldiers never get those years back.

The other thing I enjoyed learning was how powerful the connections were between Italians and Americans both before and after WWII. Long before World War II, there had been a steady flow of Italians coming to the US for work and then returning home, so the bond between Italy and the United States was already well established.

Italians had strong ideas about the US from people who had been here, but also from the movies. My uncle tells the story in the film of being captured in Northern Africa by the British and immediately turning to his friend and saying, “Let’s go with the Americans: things will be better with them!” So, they “escaped” from the British POWs to join the American POWs. Somehow, even then, they had this idea of America and were curious to experience it for themselves.

I am so happy I had the opportunity to make this film and provide a window into these stories - otherwise hidden in the margins of history.

You may read more about the film and the historical background at the film website: PrisonersInParadise.com.

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